Theory Literature I Midterm Test

Instructions:

Click the above title to go to the National Geographics site, then do the following:

1. "Read" the picture shown in the site using a semiotic perspective.
2. Read the article following the picture and attempt to make a summary of various signs of beauty.
3. Use your summary as the source of a semiotic analysis.

Due date : Friday, May 1, 2009, 15.00

Themes to explore in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye

Discuss one of the following themes found in The Bluest Eye to get prepared for next week's presentation. This time, let's do something more challenging. Find some theoretical explanations to support the theme, and, as usual, relate the extrinsic elements to the intrinsic ones (characterization, setting, motifs, symbols, etc.)

Here is a list of interesting themes in the novel:

1. White Beauty Standard
2. Sexual Initiation and Abuse
3. The Power of Seeing and Being Seen
4. Parenthood
5. The Effect of White Cultural Values on Black Culture
6. Satisfying Appetites vs Suppressing them
7. Acceptance of Anger within Oneself
8. Self-Hatred

Also, read the following summary of motifs that frequently occur in the novel and see how these motifs help reveal the theme.

Motifs

Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text's major themes.

The Dick-and-Jane Narrative

The novel opens with a narrative from a Dick-and-Jane reading primer, a narrative that is distorted when Morrison runs its sentences and then its words together. The gap between the idealized, sanitized, upper-middle-class world of Dick and Jane (who we assume to be white, though we are never told so) and the often dark and ugly world of the novel is emphasized by the chapter headings excerpted from the primer. But Morrison does not mean for us to think that the Dick-and-Jane world is better—in fact, it is largely because the black characters have internalized white Dick-and-Jane values that they are unhappy. In this way, the Dick and Jane narrative and the novel provide ironic commentary on each other.

The Seasons and Nature

The novel is divided into the four seasons, but it pointedly refuses to meet the expectations of these seasons. For example, spring, the traditional time of rebirth and renewal, reminds Claudia of being whipped with new switches, and it is the season when Pecola's is raped. Pecola's baby dies in autumn, the season of harvesting. Morrison uses natural cycles to underline the unnaturalness and misery of her characters' experiences. To some degree, she also questions the benevolence of nature, as when Claudia wonders whether “the earth itself might have been unyielding” to someone like Pecola.

Whiteness and Color

In the novel, whiteness is associated with beauty and cleanliness (particularly according to Geraldine and Mrs. Breedlove), but also with sterility. In contrast, color is associated with happiness, most clearly in the rainbow of yellow, green, and purple memories Pauline Breedlove sees when making love with Cholly. Morrison uses this imagery to emphasize the destructiveness of the black community's privileging of whiteness and to suggest that vibrant color, rather than the pure absence of color, is a stronger image of happiness and freedom.

Eyes and Vision

Pecola is obsessed with having blue eyes because she believes that this mark of conventional, white beauty will change the way that she is seen and therefore the way that she sees the world. There are continual references to other characters' eyes as well—for example, Mr. Yacobowski's hostility to Pecola resides in the blankness in his own eyes, as well as in his inability to see a black girl. This motif underlines the novel's repeated concern for the difference between how we see and how we are seen, and the difference between superficial sight and true insight.

Dirtiness and Cleanliness

The black characters in the novel who have internalized white, -middle-class values are obsessed with cleanliness. Geraldine and Mrs. Breedlove are excessively concerned with housecleaning—though Mrs. Breedlove cleans only the house of her white employers, as if the Breedlove apartment is beyond her help. This fixation on cleanliness extends into the women's moral and emotional quests for purity, but the obsession with domestic and moral sanitation leads them to cruel coldness. In contrast, one mark of Claudia's strength of character is her pleasure in her own dirt, a pleasure that represents self-confidence and a correct understanding of the nature of happiness.